The Violence Of The Columbine Shooting - 1143 Words

April 20th, 1999, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold went to their school in Littleton, CO. They preceded to kill 12 and injure 21 students and faculty before killing themselves. Columbine shooting is infamous as one of the worst school shootings in US history. Harris and Klebold were known as outcasts and were ridiculed regularly. It has been said that they were out for revenge on the school for being mistreated (New York Daily). This extreme case is the cause of a broken psyche due to repeated blows from peers. â€Å"Harassment and bullying have been linked to 75% of school-shooting incidents† (Statistics). Not every case will lead to a mass shooting, but is more plausible to lead to suicide. Teenagers are taking their own lives, because they can†¦show more content†¦32% of online teens say they have been targets of a range of annoying or potentially menacing online activities. 15% of teens say someone has forwarded or posted a private message they’ve written, 13% say someone has spread a rumor about them online, 13% say someone has sent them a threatening or aggressive message, and 6% say someone has posted embarrassing pictures of them online. 66% of teens who have witnessed online cruelty have also witnessed others joining; 21% say they have also joined in the harassment (Statistics). Teens do not realize the harm they are causing each other. â€Å"1 in 7 Students in Grades K-12 is either a bully or a victim of bullying† (Statistics). Those who are bullied can develop depression and anxiety. These issues, without resolution, can progress into adulthood, or even lead to suicidal thoughts and actions. These teens will have a decrease in extracurricular activities, such as sports, and begin to have lower GPA’s (Stop Bullying). Those who bully can grow up abusing alcohol and other drugs. These teens have a higher dropout rate, and are more likely to fight and be a part of petty crimes such as vandalizing property. Bullies can have lasting effects that follow them into adulthood such as abusive relationship with wife, spouse, and kids (Stop Bullying). â€Å"56% of students have personally witnessed some type of bullying at school†Show MoreRelatedCauses Of School Shootings1131 Words   |  5 Pages School shootings strike into the heart of every Am erican. From Columbine to Virginia Tech to Sandy Hook, the thought of innocent young students being mercilessly mowed down wrenches one’s heart. Yet these events continue to happen, and in ever increasing numbers. What could possibly drive a person to commit such a horrifying act? That single question has created a fierce debate over the causes of school shootings and what should be done to prevent them. Experts and pundits have discussed gun controlRead MoreChanges in Policy after School Shootings647 Words   |  3 Pages Policies have changed since the shooting happened in Littleton, Colorado. Before Columbine the primary goal of law enforcement officers before and during a shooting was to set up a perimeter and await arrival of SWAT members (Erickson, 2001). This policy has changed in many states including Pennsylvania where police had been preparing for active shooters with local schools. Police are not able to wait the twenty minutes to an hour for SWAT to arrive at a scene which is why the state mandatedRead MorePublic Schools Have Improved Their Safety Protocols1299 Words   |  6 Pagestwo teenaged boys opened fire at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, killing 13 students and wounding more than 20 others before ending their lives later that day. This crime was the worst school shooting in the 20th century and it has drastically changed the ways our schools operate. Although schools today are still not 100% safe and have had a few incidents in the past 10 years, we are slowly evolving and becoming better each year. Because of the Columbine massacre, we have learned manyRead MoreMovie Analysis : Bowling For Columbine1459 Words   |  6 Pages Movie Paper: Bowling for Columbine Introduction For this assignment I applied the Social Constructionist Perspective to community violence after viewing the film Bowling For Columbine (2002) directed by Michael Moore. In his move, Moore focuses on examining the relationship between laws/policies surrounding gun control and violence committed in communities. The film starts out by showing Moore entering a bank and asking to open a bank account there so that he could get a free gun provided by theRead MoreChildren s Past Childhood Events1712 Words   |  7 PagesI choose to use were The events in order that day, What weapons they used, signs of the attack, Dylan s writings, eric`s writings, why they did it, and what happened to the schools after the shooting. The events that day started out when Eric Harris arrives alone at the student parking lot at columbine high school and parks his 1986 gray honda civic in a space assigned to another student in the south junior parking lot (narrative timeline). Dylan Klebold subsequently arrives at the high schoolRead More Who Is Responsible For The Columbine Killings? Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pages Cause – Effect nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Even since the shooting at Columbine High School caught the attention of America and all the world on April 20, 1999, high school shootings and other forms of violence at schools has been plaguing America during the last ten years. It is also found that most of the violence that occurs in high schools is caused by young men. Students aren’t feeling safe at school anymore and parents are enraged that students could bring the weapons to school in the firstRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control889 Words   |  4 PagesSchool violence is becoming a worldwide issue, but is a particular problem within the United States. Violence can occur in many ways such as; bullying, school gangs, physical attacks, and fatalities involved with guns. School shootings have been on the rise over the past several years. To bring awareness to school violence, teachers, staff, and parents need to be further trained in noticing warning signs of depression and anger issues which m ay lead to bullying and disrespectful learning environmentsRead MoreEssay on The Effects Of Columbine1169 Words   |  5 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The 20th of April was the anniversary of the massacre at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado. The shooting deaths of 12 students and 1 teacher—and the two suicides of the teenage executioners and left many others psychologically and physically damaged. Who’s to blame? , On the issue of blame, of this massacre it is not music, or video games, and not even movies, it’s the shooters because everybody is responsible own actions. However, the parents could haveRead MoreThe Columbine Influence: How a School Shooting Affected a Nation1494 Words   |  6 PagesThe Columbine massacre was one of the deadliest school shootings in U.S. history. On April 20, 1999, high school seniors Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold shot and killed 12 students, one teacher, and themselves. Twenty-five students were also injured, som e very critically. While there had been many school shootings in America prior to this, the young age of the shooters, the number of victims, and the randomness of the people they killed shocked the nation. It has been 14 years since this tragedy andRead MoreThe Psychology of Heavy Metal Music Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pagesnot be able to make money and be successful. Many people love listening to heavy metal music; however, some people think that it could lead to violence, depression, and self- loathing. There have been numerous events in society where heavy metal musicians have been blamed for the events that took place. Musicians have been blamed in school shootings and other events that have caused tragedy or discomfort in the world. The lyrical content of some songs are what people do not like about heavy

Bay of Pigs Free Essays

string(18) " went on the air\." The interest of the United States in Cuba goes as far back as the pre-Civil War era when it wanted to annex Cuba as a slave state for its cotton. However, it was only in 1898 that Cuba was won from Spain following the Spanish-American war. While this lasted only until 1902, the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Bay of Pigs or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. was able to negotiate a long-term lease on the island at the Guantanamo Bay and turned it into a naval base. From that time until Castro took the helm, the second most powerful official in Cuba after the President was the U. S. Ambassador (Lafeber, 19 April 1986, p. 537). In 1947, open hostilities with communism have begun. President Truman recommended to the U. S. Congress to stop the Russian aggression in Europe. This was contained in the Truman Doctrine (Ismael, 1965, P. 3212). This was followed by a U. S. -led food airlift to the western sector which the Russians were starving out with its Berlin blockade. Then, there was the assistance provided to the communists, by the way, eventually won and the active participation in the Korean War of 1950. While such actions were unpopular,, there was an apparent consensus that the U. S. should indeed show that it is not beyond having to use force to stop the expansionist plans of the communists. In 1953, Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected President. The anti-communist sentiment was particularly rife at that time with Senator McCarthy charging practically everyone of being a communist, and succeeded in spreading fear and conflict throughout the country. In Asia, China was showing signs of aggression against Taiwan which then led to the US pledge of aid to any Southeast Asian Treaty Organization member who has to fight off communist advances. In Latin America, communist influence was equally spreading. In 1959, on January 1st, Fidel Castro and his guerillas managed to overthrow Fulgencio Batista and the former Prime Minister and newly-elected President Dr. Andres Rivero Aguero (Telzrow, 2006). The United States was one of the first countries to acknowledge Castro’s ascendancy through an official note declaring â€Å"the sincere goodwill of the government of the United States towards the new government† (Welch, 1982, p. 29). Shortly thereafter, Philip Bonsal was appointed as the new US Ambassador to Havana. Bonsal was the former ambassador to Bolivia where the Spanish-speaking career diplomat was able to establish a good relationship with the leftist administration. Four months later, in April 1959, Fidel Castro visited the United States where then Vice President Richard Nixon got to meet him. Nixon unilaterally proclaimed him to be a communist. Castro’s subsequent reforms were radical enough to align Cuba with communist party and collide with the Eisenhower Administration. There was the suspension of free elections, socialization of private business and the confiscation of U. S. property. This was followed by the nationalization of businesses which produced staple products such as milk and milk and by-products, sugar, beer, toiletries, textiles and even banks (Blight Kornbluh, 1999, p. 161). Given these internal developments in Cuba, the U. S. Department of State had started to draw up an agreement with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that would effect the downfall of Castro by using the Cuban faction opposed to him to make it look like an internal act. The situation was more alarming and an insult inasmuch as communism was practically taking root next door. In December 1959, an outline of operations both in covert and propaganda form for the overthrow of Castro was drawn up by the CIA head of Western Hemisphere, J. C. King. A more comprehensive plan was drawn up by Jacob Esterline, former chief of the Guatemala station. On March 17, President Eisenhower approved a paper penned by the CIA entitled â€Å"A Program of Covert Action Against the Castro Regime† and the plan to bring down Castro was underway. People were put in place. David Atlee Phillips was made propaganda chief. He was to run Radio Swan, the station that would be broadcasting propaganda against the Castro government. E. Howard Hunt was made chief of political action with the main task of organizing and preparing the members of the government that will replace Castro’s once it is overthrown. (Blight Kornbluh, 1999, p. 159). By July 1960, Russia and the U. S. were exchanging barbs. The Soviet Prime Minister Nikita Khruschev had declared its support for Castro to which Eisenhower adamantly replied that communism will not be allowed by the U. S. to grow in the Western Hemisphere (Sierra, 2007, par. 7). On October 28, the United States recalled Ambassador Bonsal permanently back to Washington and followed later by officially breaking off all diplomatic relations with Cuba. Cuba soon began to receive arms from the Soviet Union (Telzrow, 21 August 2006, 37+). The incumbent administration’s interest was not only directed on Cuba in 1960. Internally, there was a more immediate concern on hand. It was campaign period for the Presidential elections. Vice President Richard Nixon was running against the popular Senator John F. Kennedy. He realized the sensitivity of the issue about Castro and communist Cuba and rode to the hilt the American voters’ anti-Castro sentiment and their restlessness towards its resolution. Earlier in the campaign, he was already briefed by CIA Director Allan Dulles on intelligence matters as required by law and this briefing included the confidential information about the training of exiles from Cuba who will be mobilized for an assault on the island. Then, on the eve of a candidate’s debate, Kennedy attacked Eisenhower’s Cuba policy. He openly called for U. S. support for the exiled anti-Castro forces and further exclaimed that thus far, these exiles had not received any support from the government. Kennedy knew that Nixon will not be able to counter this attack without compromising the secrecy of the plan. Nixon could only criticize Kennedy for the irresponsibility of his statements (Blight Kornbluh, 1999, pp. 160-162). Meanwhile, the plan was steadily materializing. In May 1960, Radio Swan went on the air. You read "Bay of Pigs" in category "Papers" Using a powerful transmitter, it broadcasted programs that were actually taped in Miami. The Cuban exiled forces were placed in Guatemala. The incumbent President and dictator of Guatemala, Gen. Miguel Ydigoras owed his position to the CIA for enforcing a covert operation in 1954 against then Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz. He thus allowed an airport to be built in his country. Nicaragua’s Anastacio Somoza also provided a training base in his country (LaFeber, 16 April 1966, 537+). The Cuban exiled forces were collectively called Brigade 2506. They were originally being trained off the coast of Florida. Eventually, the size of the brigade grew to about 1,500 soldiers. The Castro government was not turning a blind eye against all these things that were going on. Eventually, Castro had his chance and on September 26, 1960, he addressed the UN General Assembly where he charged the U. S. for setting up a broadcasting station in Swan Island which the U. S. lamely refuted by stating that it was a privately-owned station by a commercial broadcasting company. A month later, Cuba again went on the offensive again in the UN General Assembly this time with the Cuban Foreign Minister Raul Roa providing well-informed details on how the recruitment and training of these exiled forces were allegedly being conducted. In his address, however, he did not call them exiles but as mercenaries and counter-revolutionaries. He stated that they were recruited, paid and sustained by the CIA by providing for them and their families (Sierra, 2007, par. 19). Later, in 2000, during a historic meeting of the personalities involved in the Bay of Pigs invasion, these exiles were once again referred to as mercenaries at which point Fidel Castro corrected him, â€Å"They’re brigadistas† (Dinges, 23 April 2001, 6). It was Castro’s strategy to turn the tide of foreign opinion against the Americans and later we will see how this tactic by Castro proved to be effective. At the interim, a budget of USD13 million was approved by President Eisenhower. He also authorized the use of the Defense Department’s personnel and equipment but pointedly instructed that no American citizen must be used in combat. However, the CIA’s initial attempt at dropping weapons and supplies in Cuba failed miserably. The drop zone was missed and the ground agent was caught and shot (Blight Kornbluh, 1999, 161). On January 1961, President John F. Kennedy took office. After campaigning heavily against lack of action on Cuba, he essentially trapped himself. In LaFeber’s (1986), Kennedy â€Å"despised Castro and saw himself going head-to-head with Nikita Kruschev over which superpower would control the Third World. He was also passionately committed to a romantic view of counter-revolutionary operations and feared being labeled as less of an anti-Communist than Eisenhower, whose policies he had blasted only months earlier. So the attack went ahead on the night of April 17† (537+). Before the actual invasion happened, the plan changed several times due to several factors. Kennedy’s Department of State was afraid of the consequential impact on the US relations with Latin America (Lafeber, 1986, 537+). White House adviser Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. remarked that while Kennedy was adamant about not using US soldiers directly, but the CIA acted on the conviction that he will change his mind (Dinges, 2001, 6). Everyone was of the assumption that the Cuban people would all rise spontaneously to get rid of Castro (Lafeber, 1986, 537+). Meanwhile, despite all the efforts to avoid having the US stamp on the exiled forces by having the training camps and airfield in Nicaragua and Guatemala, it was soon evident that the operation did not remain a secret for very long. It was even already being discussed within cliques in the UN. On Jan. 11th 1961, the Joint Chief of Staff were consulted for the first time on. From the combined minds of the Department of Defense, the CIA and the JCS, Operation Bumpy Road was born. On Jan. 28th, newly-elected President John F. Kennedy was briefed. The concept of the plan as outlined in the memorandum prepared by two senior CIA officials in charge of the brigade, Jacob Esterline and Jack Hawkins. A small area was to be seized and defended at the initial stage. There will be no more offensive tactics to be done until the expected uprising of the majority of the Cuban people begins or an overt operation by the US forces is (Blight Kornbluh, 1999, p. 164). The landing was already plotted to be in Trinidad, which was in the southern coast of Cuba. This is located near Escambray Mountains. His would be an ideal site for Operation Bumpy Road because of the alternatives that it can offer. The expeditionary forces already have the goodwill of the population of Trinidad as the majority is anti-Castro. In case the defense of the landing is compromised, they could turn to Plan B and flee into the mountains. There, a guerilla warfare can be fought. Thus, with this plan in mind, Brigade 2506 trained throughout 1960 under this plan. Richard Bissell, CIA Director of Plans, assessed the plans. He believed that there is a possibility of success such that they might survive and gain support for as long as they hold their ground. If the support from the Cuban people comes, then the US can make overt action plans on the pretense of backing the revolutionaries (Bight Kornbluh, 1999, p. 164). Originally scheduled for Mach 5, 1961, the operation was put on hold until April after examination of all possible alternatives. This was due to the intervention of the State Department for diplomatic and political reasons. The U. S. still believes that it can get away with â€Å"plausible deniability† and Operation Bumpy Road can no way disguise U. S. complicity. Hence, despite argument from Bissel that postponement and possible plan revision will create undue tension and resentment among the brigade members, the March date did not materialize. In fact a revolt by the exiles who were training in Guatemala did occur in late January 1961 with 500 resigning (Blight Kornbluh, 1999, p. 164). Bissell concluded that this plan may be the only one where a covert operation is still possible in bringing down Fidel Castro. National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy was not in accord and instead recommended a trade embargo instead and allow internal rif to reach a boling point before launching the brigade. So, it was a Bumpy Road indeed as the rinidad Plan was rejected. President Kennedy set down his conditions in preparing a new plan. First, it must be a silent landing and it is to be done at night. The CIA then presented three alternatives. There was a revision of the Trinidad Plan, there was to be a new target for landing which would be the northeast coast and the third alternative would be at the Bay of Pigs codenamed â€Å"Operation Zapata†. The President chose the Zapata Plan liked but with certain changes particularly that it must have the appearance of being more of a guerilla-type of operation. Thus, it was modified to a night landing (instead of a dawn landing) with air drops at first light. Kennedy questions the necessity of the air strikes. A compromise was agreed to limit the air strikes to two days before d-day simultaneous with a diversionary landing of 160 men in Eastern Cuba. These strikes will give the impression that the air strikes are those by Cuban pilots defecting from the Cuban air force and thus further giving lie that its an internal uprising. Bissell also reassures Kennedy that the Cubans on the island will join in an uprising. The chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations, Senator William Fullbright did not believe that such tactics will fool anyone. However, a vote from the advisers favored moving ahead (Blight Kornbluh 1999, 165). Seven days before d-day, Esterline and Hawkins sent notice that they want to quit, that â€Å"the project was out of control† but Bissell prevailed upon them to stay. Three days before the invasion, Kennedy made a statement in a press conference that the US Armed Forces One day before the invasion, the number of plane were reduced from 16 to six planes as ordered by Kennedy to keep it minimal. On April 16, the landing plan was approved by Kennedy. However, fearing international condemnation, Kennedy cancels the dawn air strikes until the beachhead airfield is in the hands of the landing force and completely operational and capable of supporting the raids. Bissell argued unsuccessfully that the landings will be seriously endangered without it. The air strikes were cancelled. Aboard the Blagar, CIA agent Grayston Lynch receives intelligence report that the Cuba air force will strike, it moves close to shore and delivers gunfire support to the landing troops. The Brigade troops landed at 1’o clock in the morning. Later that morning, the Houston comes under air attack and is hit. Blight and Kornbluh (1999) gives a detailed account: â€Å"It goes aground with about 180 men on the west side of the Bay of Pigs – about five miles from the landing beach. At 9:30 AM, the freighter Rio Escondido is sunk by a direct rocket hit from a Sea Furya â€Å"with ten day’s reserves of ammunition on board, as well as food, hospital equipment, and gasoline. All crew members are rescued and transferred to the Blagar. Fighting rages throughout the day, with the brigade freighters withdrawing 50 miles out to sea. That evening, President Kennedy discusses the deteriorating situation with his advisers† (p. 168). On April 18, the Brigade Commander refused a call for evacuation. While at the UN on the same day, Ambassador Adlai Stevenson continued to deny that the United States had intervened militarily in Cuba. Bissell, in direct violation of Kennedy’s instructions, authorized American pilots to fly combat missions when a number of the Cuban pilots at Pueto Cabezos refused to fly. On April 19, two planes flown by U. S. pilots were shot down and the pilots killed. The invasion force were captured. About 130 were killed and 1,189 were taken prisoners. Cuba’s casualties were about 157. Mass trials were held and the prisoners were each given a sentence of 30 years. Negotiations got underway and after 20 months, most were released in exchange for money, food and medical supplies (Sierra, 2007). In the aftermath, Lymann Kirkpatrick, the CIA Inspector General, issued a report that pointed to Bissell and his aide Tracy Barnes as not having firm plans for the invasion and failed to advise Kennedy that a covert action is not at all possible. Bissell rebutted by issuing a memorandum of his own and putting the blame on Kennedy’s withdrawal of the air strikes. On June 13, 1961, General Taylor, head of the Taylor Committee composed on Gen. Maxwell taylor, Atty. General Robert Kennedy, Adm. Arleigh Burke and Dir. Gen. Of CIA Allen Dulles to investigate why the operation failed submits their report to President Kennedy that the operation was ill-considered and it was never ever possible that Zapatacan be run as a covert operation. If a reorientation of the operation had not been possible, the project should have been abandoned. (Blight Kornbluh, 1999, p. 169). Apart from the reports of Kirkpatrick of the CIA and the Taylor Committee, and after more documents relating to the Bay of Pigs invasion surfaced and were declassified, the following can be concluded: – the CIA made decisions on mere assumptions that the people would spontaneously assist in overthrowing Castro (Lafeber, 1986). – they failed to see that the exiles and the supporters were the loud minority while the majority were straddling the fence in a wait-and-see attitude inasmuch as Castro’s government was still at its inception and already seemed to have been serious about its reforms in distributing the wealth concentrated on the few during the previous regime which was openly supported by the U. S. – the United States could have lost sympathy from the locals since from 1898, they have exerted great influence over Cuba’s internal affairs seemingly to the point of meddling in order to favor American businesses and the invasion was undeniably a US-backed operation the US did not trust its own invading force, not even telling the Cuban exiles the actual day of the invasion. One agent admitted that, â€Å"I don’t trust any goddamn Cuban. † (Lafeber, 1986) – aside from being trapped by his own campaign statements, the ongoing cold war forced Kennedy to take immediate if indecisive action in battling Cuba’s Castro and ultimately the USSR’s Nikita Khrushchev for the Western hemisphere – there were tactical errors such as mistaking for seaweed the Bay of Pigs coral reef which caused the craft to run aground and made the easy marks. – the US underestimated the Castro’s security and defenses. In a historic meeting in 2001 between the antagonists and the protagonists in the invasion which was held in Cuba, it was divulged that â€Å"a vast security network had been established and about 20,000 suspected dissidents were rounded up† which effectively squelched US expectations of a mass rebellion. Moreover, the Cuban air forces’ better planes were camouflaged and the ones that were destroyed by the pre-d-day strike were decoys. (Dinges, 2001, p. 6). – the CIA strategy is rooted on another assumption that no president, Kennedy included despite his statements against overt operations, will allow the United States to â€Å"go down in ignominous defeat† and will send in the Marines (as related by White House adviser Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. In Dinges, 2001). – there were no CIA broadcasts to announce the invasion (Telzrow, 2006). – from Jack Hawkins himself, Kennedy made the fatal error of placing â€Å"plausible deniability ahead of military viability (Hawkins 1996, p. 36+). It would seem highly improbable that the world’s greatest superpower would be defeated by a revolutionary government barely over a year in power. However, that is exactly what Cuba did under Fidel Castro’s leadership. On April 19, 1961 Cuba was able to repulse an invasion led by 1,400 commandos of Brigade 2506 who arrived at Playa Giron (Giron Beach) from Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs). Brigade 2506 was US-backed all the way. The planning and training was done by the CIA. They were armed and supplied by the US. It was not a failure of the men of the invasion force who fought valiantly and refused to be evacuated. Given the circumstances surrounding the invasion, it was a â€Å"perfect failure† as it has now been dubbed for the spectacular defeat of the US. Overall, this is mainly due to the arrogance displayed by America and has now been immortalized in the Bay of Pigs. Bibliography Blight, J. G. Kornbluh, P. (Eds. ) (1999). Politics of illusion: The Bay of Pigs invasion re-examined. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. Dinges, J. (2001, April 23). Back to the Bay of Pigs. The Nation, 272, 6. Hawkins, J. (1996, December 31). The Bay of Pigs operation was doomed by presidential indecisiveness and lack of commitment. National Review, 48, 36+. Ismael, F. L. (1965). The United States as a world leader. The Book of Knowledge, vol. 9, pp. 3206-3224. New York: Grolier Incorporated. LaFeber, W. (1986, April 19). Lest we forget the Bay of Pigs; the unlearned lessons. The Nation, 242, 537-539. Sierra, J. A. (2007). History of Cuba. Retrieved August 15, 2007, from http://www. historyofcuba. com/cuba/htm. Telzrow, M. E. (2006, August 21). Bay of Pigs betrayal: The betrayal of the Cuba people by the CIA, State Department and staff members of the New York Times ranks as one of the America’s darkest foreign-policy moments. The New American, 22, 37-39. Welch. R. E. (1985). Response to revolution: The United States and the Cuban revolution, 1959-1961. Chappel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. How to cite Bay of Pigs, Papers

Injured free essay sample

Thirty six weeks in a school year. Nine weeks without being able to write. Two injuries to my right shoulder. Playing a varsity sport is intense, and one wrong play takes you out for the season, and much more. Less than a week before school, second day of practice, I dislocated my right shoulder. All I could think about was no volleyball, until school started. Not being able to write in school for three weeks, and the first three weeks at that. I get notes that cannot be filled out, lessons that I have to memorize, and tests that have to be delayed. â€Å"You can do this Sean!† I not only said this to myself, but hear it from my parents and friends. Three long weeks I kept my grades strong. Months go by and bam, six weeks of no writing. This time a torn right shoulder and arthroscopic surgery. I knew the surgery was coming and worked ahead, being proactive and giving myself as much of a lead as I could before I fall behind yet again. We will write a custom essay sample on Injured or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Letting my teachers write as I tell them answers. Getting class notes and going in to make sure I understand them correctly. I struggle yes, but I am determined to not let it beat me. My grades stay steady and I manage to stay on the honor roll. Now it is my senior year, I took a full class load and I made the Varsity Volleyball team. Three weeks into the season I tore my shoulder again. Most kids would blow this year off especially if they were going to be missing so much as I am. I plan to take this challenge head on, and do better than ever, not just to keep my grades steady, but to show that I can overcome and grow from something that should slow me down.

What Dreams May Come Review Essay Example

What Dreams May Come Review Paper Essay on What Dreams May Come What awaits us after we die? Are all people simply disappear as if they never existed? Or will they continue to live, but only in a different world? I am holding one of the most famous books about life after death the creation of Richard Matheson What Dreams May Come » Im sure about this work is known to many.. If you have not read the book, you may have seen the same film Once there was a light on one happy family -. Ann, Chris and their children. They are very fond of each other, in Micah life harmony reigned. But sometimes Chris had a car accident and died. More precisely, this ended his earthly existence. Chris now lives in a paradise where all wishes come true, you only really want to. Hes trying to get used to a new form of life, music sorrow Anne will not let him. He wants to ease the suffering of his wife, to tell what they would be together again But all attempts to reach out to Chris loved to nothing lead. Unable to bear the grief, Anne commits suicide We will write a custom essay sample on What Dreams May Come Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Dreams May Come Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Dreams May Come Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Really now husband and wife can never be together, because the suicide of the soul should burn in hell? Or save your favorite Chris, because true love is all about? From this point the fun begins The plot of the book and the truth is very unusual and fascinating. There is only one thing its incredibly tightened. You keep waiting for that now something will happen, and the effect is almost not developed. But the interest is not lost. Readers holding something. Perhaps the interest in what still awaits us after Of course, What Dreams May Come a fantasy. But the truth none of the inhabitants of the earth do not know. I remember as a child first learned that there is death. I was afraid for a long time to fall asleep at night. I thought not wake up. I lay and looked at grandparents, listening, breathing or not. And yet, trying to calculate how much will to live But its so small digression. Having read the book, I definitely wanted to see the adaptation. Especially, all around we said, The film is simply gorgeous!, I cried when I saw it What kind of special effects . However, I am not inspired the film. Yes, hes dynamic book, in which a plus. However, there are pictures that moved me so much more. Maybe Im heartless? Or just no accounting for tastes no striking effects in the film, I also did not find. But this is natural. The film was a shot back in 1997. But, of course, not special effects. Just a picture I do not hooked. The book has left a great impression. But still it did not become one of the most popular, which leave a trace in the soul forever. As for whether I believe in life after death? Definitely yes. A man can not just disappear. But whether a person will be able to sometime during the life of at least one eye to look into the best of all worlds Quotes †¢ The life of each person this is a great book, consisting of episodes. Imagine all the moments of his life, listed one after the other and described in detail. Will dvadtsatitomnaya events encyclopedia -. At least †¢ The death just a continuation of life on another level .

Contracting Issues Example

Contracting Issues Example Contracting Issues – Article Example Sequestration in the defense industry is thought to bring about a monumental change in the Virginia where most of its industries obtain contracts with the military from supplying the military’s nutritional needs to building armors for defense. An increase in the government spending on defense contracts was observed in 2001 until it started to decline in 2010 where a majority of the state’s companies engage in procurement contracts with the government’s defense industry. In January this year, the military will implement an automatic budget cut, which is projected to almost $500 billion worth for over a decade. Therefore, the defense industry predicts that it would greatly affect the state’s economic state as it would lead to millions of jobs lost in the entire country. Specifically the defense industry in Virginia alone may lose about 207,571 jobs, which could at the same time lose nearly $10.7 billion worth of money in labor income. Economists foresee that although Virginia falls second to California in the number of jobs that will be lost due to this defense cut, areas such as Northern Virginia and Hampton roads would remain to be those that will suffer harder due to a vast number of people who will be laid off.Shutting down of military bases is not a part of the sequestration. On the other hand, cutting down the budget for defense does not necessarily mean that companies who remain to maintain a contract with the government may not be affected. Such economic trend would indirectly affect every part of the entire defense industry that due to a situation regarded as a trickle-down effect. Suppliers of high performance materials for the military’s body armor and other products will also be ones that will be affected indirectly. The government has already been observed to deliberately reduce its spending on the raw materials that are necessary for building body armors and other military products, thus the companies no longer rel y on the defense industry for their advancement. The construction industry has also sensed cutbacks from the defense industry. Although there are no new construction contracts that will soon arise, the industry is hopeful that maintenance-related work would still keep them going in the long run.In response to this downturn in the defense contracts affecting the industries in the state of Virginia, companies have started to build a new set of customers they would soon cater in lieu to the decline in budget cut in the defense spending.Reference:Blackwell, John Reid. (2012). Defense cuts Carry Big Cost in Virginia. Stars and Stripes. Retrieved from stripes.com/news/us/defense-cuts-carry-big-cost-in-virginia-1.188012.

Definition and Examples of Parsing in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Parsing in English Grammar Parsing is a grammatical exercise that involves breaking down a text into its component parts of speech with an explanation of the form, function, and syntactic relationship of each part so that the text can be understood. The term parsing comes from the Latin pars for part (of speech). In contemporary linguistics, parsing usually refers to the computer-aided syntactic analysis of language. Computer programs that automatically add parsing tags to a text are called parsers. Key Takeaways: Parsing Parsing is the process of breaking down a sentence into its elements so that the sentence can be understood.Traditional parsing is done by hand, sometimes using sentence diagrams. Parsing is also involved in more complex forms of analysis such as discourse analysis and psycholinguistics. Parse Definition In linguistics, to parse means to break down a sentence into its component parts so that the meaning of the sentence can be understood. Sometimes parsing is done with the help of tools such as sentence diagrams (visual representations of syntactical constructions). When parsing a sentence, the reader takes note of the sentence elements and their parts of speech (whether a word is a noun, verb, adjective, etc.). The reader also notices other elements such as the verb tense (present tense, past tense, future tense, etc.). Once the sentence is broken down, the reader can use their analysis to interpret the meaning of the sentence. Some linguists draw a distinction between full parsing and skeleton parsing. The former refers to the full analysis of a text, including as detailed a description of its elements as possible. The latter refers to a simpler form of analysis used to grasp a sentences basic meaning. Traditional Methods of Parsing Traditionally, parsing is done by taking a sentence and breaking it down into different parts of speech. The words are placed into distinct grammatical categories, and then the grammatical relationships between the words are identified, allowing the reader to interpret the sentence. For example, take the following sentence: The man opened the door. To parse this sentence, we first classify each word by its part of speech: the (article), man (noun), opened (verb), the (article), door (noun). The sentence has only one verb (opened); we can then identify the subject and object of that verb. In this case, since the man is performing the action, the subject is man and the object is door. Because the verb is opened- rather than opens or will open- we know that the sentence is in the past tense, meaning the action described has already occurred. This example is a simple one, but it shows how parsing can be used to illuminate the meaning of a text. Traditional methods of parsing may or may not include sentence diagrams. Such visual aids are sometimes helpful when the sentences being analyzed are especially complex. Discourse Analysis Unlike simple parsing, discourse analysis refers to a broader field of study concerned with the social and psychological aspects of language. Those who perform discourse analysis are interested in, among other topics, genres of language (those with certain set conventions within different fields) and the relationships between language and social behavior, politics, and memory. In this way, discourse analysis goes far beyond the scope of traditional parsing, which is limited to that individual texts. Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics is a field of study that deals with language and its relationship with psychology and neuroscience. Scientists who work in this field study the ways in which the brain processes language, transforming signs and symbols into meaningful statements. As such, they are primarily interested in the underlying processes that make traditional parsing possible. They are interested, for example, in how different brain structures facilitate language acquisition and comprehension. Computer-Assisted Parsing Computational linguistics is a field of study in which scientists have used a rules-based approach to develop computer models of human languages. This work combines computer science with cognitive science, mathematics, philosophy, and artificial intelligence. With computer-assisted parsing, scientists can use algorithms to perform text analysis. This is especially useful to scientists because, unlike traditional parsing, such tools can be used to quickly analyze large volumes of text, revealing patterns and other information that could not be easily obtained otherwise. In the emerging field of digital humanities, for example, computer-assisted parsing has been used to analyze the works of Shakespeare; in 2016, literary historians concluded from a computer analysis of the play that Christopher Marlowe was the co-author of Shakespeares Henry VI. One of the challenges of computer-assisted parsing is that computer models of language are rule-based, meaning scientists must tell algorithms how to interpret certain structures and patterns. In actual human language, however, such structures and patterns do not always share the same meanings, and linguists must analyze individual examples to determine the principles that govern them. Sources Dowty, David R., et al. Natural Language Parsing: Psychological, Computational and Theoretical Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, 2005.Halley, Ned. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Modern English: Grammar, Syntax and Style for the 21st Century. Wordsworth Editions, 2001.

Film Report Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Film Report - Movie Review Example After a stopover, Warne reads a newspaper and discovered that she is the Andrews heiress who escaped away from his father. When he told her about the news, they both had a deal: Warne will keep Andrews in his company without reporting to his father while Andrews will give her an exclusive scoop about her daily accounts. Their journey marked the beginning of a blossoming love story. Obviously, the theme is about love, and it was shown first during their first encounter in the bus and during their sleepover in a small rental house. The director used a scene in which two different personalities clash during their first encounter to emphasize the theme. 2) What were the choices made by the main characters and what were the consequences of those choices? When Ellie Andrews decided to escape away from his father, she changed the course of her personal history. Because of her rebellion to her father, she was able to see the world that is different from her affluent upbringing, more so, she was able to meet the person whose character makes her fall in love. There were also instances when she hesitated Warne’s offers during their journey, but her final decision to accept those pleasantries, such as an overnight stay and a breakfast, somehow gave her good results. Peter Warne had also made an abrupt but necessary decision when two detectives sought for Andrews by acting as if they were a couple fighting. Both of them were able to escape from the detectives. During an encounter in their rented room, Andrews got emotional and professed her love to Warne, but Warne decided to stay mum, but he knew he loves her. The following morning, he decided to marry her, but sold his written story to his boss in a publication and hurried home before she wakes up. He got the money, but he loses his love, Ellie Andrews, when she phoned her father about her whereabouts. However, Andrew’s last-minute decision to back-out from a supposed wedding with the gold-digger made her ba ck in the arms of her real love, Peter Warne. 3) What three or four sequences are most important in the film? Why? First was when Ellie escaped away from his father. Because of that, she met Peter Warne and accidentally fell in love with him during their journey. Next was when Warne offered her a breakfast that made Ellie appreciated his efforts. That scene paved way for more funny but romantic scenes between the two. Next, when Ellie emotionally confronted Warne about her blossoming feelings for him, it made him want to marry her. When he left the following morning to secure money for his proposal and wedding to Ellie, that made the whole situation incomprehensible for Ellie that is why she decided to call her father because she thinks he left her. In the part of Warne, seeing Ellie rode in a car with his father also made the situation complicated. Lastly, when Ellie decided to back out on the day of her wedding after her father’s persuasion that Warne is a good person, she made the right decision by ending up with Warne. 4) Did the ?lm surprise you with anything unusual in its story, style, technique, or implications? The film is surprising in a sense that this type of theme, which I assume is a modern day invention, actually originated in the past. The exchanges of lines between the actors, especially between the couple, send shivery and fuzzy feeling to the viewers. It was indeed

A Rose For Emily Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Rose For Emily - Essay Example In While the theme of the past versus the present assumes numerous forms in this story, as in the clash between the two or the way in which the one intermingles and intersects with the other, this essay will focus on Faulkner’s modes of symbolizing the past and the theme of the past’s subsuming of the present. The past assumes various symbols in â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† with the most predominant being the past as the Old South. The story may be interpreted as a narrative about the Old South, a South which has been battered and defeated by the North and by abolition. It is, however, a South which stubbornly and quite illogically insists on clinging to its former glories and, indeed, one which refuses to accept the passage of time or confront the changes which have been wrought upon it. The South is Miss Emily, personified in her refusal to pay taxes and her failure to acknowledge the new reality which surrounds her, culminating in her dismissive treatment of the town’s authorities and her rejection of the very concept of the mailbox/postal services. The South is also the decaying mansion; the mansion which is falling into disrepair but, despite the ravages of time, maintains its haughty, superior demeanor. Last, but not least, the South is Miss Emily’s â€Å"negroâ₠¬  servant; the man who silently goes about his duties, keeps Miss Emily’s darkest secrets and when she dies, disappears. The implication here is that the past, as represented in this story, is personified in Miss Emily and her servant and symbolized in the house. She is, as the unnamed narrator insists, â€Å"tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town.† Miss Emily is, thus, symbolic of the South’s traditions and heritage. In his symbolization of the South as the old, isolated and alienated woman and her

Effects of Early Marriage Essay Example for Free

Effects of Early Marriage Essay Mark and Jane got married eight years ago. They have two young children. Their initial love and attraction has turned into constant bickering and argument. They now realize how different they are from each other. Every interchange seems to be a battle and is affecting every aspect of their lives. They wonder what happened to the love and affection they felt towards each other at the beginning of their relationship. They have been arguing about money, and how to spend it. Mark thinks his hard work is not appreciated. Jane feels overburdened with taking care of the children, her part-time work and taking care of the most of household duties. They each feel the other is not contributing enough. They do not want to give up on their marriage, and have heard that mediation can be effective in working through the practical problems they face. They hope by learning to appreciate each other’s efforts their love for each other will start to grow again. They have tried individual therapy, marital counseling, and group therapy, without results. The first few years of a marriage are a very intense period of adjustment. It’s very common for the couple to learn differences about each other and encounter extreme bouts of negativity that they never imagined possible. A newly married couple (and any married couple, for that matter) should try anything at their disposal. Sometimes marriage counseling does not work. It does not mean that the marriage is over or that the counseling was insufficient or even that marriage counseling may not work at a future time. Couples need to try different things at different times in order to break the log jam of disillusionment. Marital Mediation or other professional support may help break the impasse. The mediator will explain to Mark and Jane that, just like a new hobby, learning how to be married is a learnable skill. The mediator will teach them conflict resolution skills that they can begin to practice at home. Things can improve at home, and Mark and Jane can continue to work on (and enjoy) their marriage. They might even try counseling again (perhaps with a different therapist), and may find that they are ready to gain insight from it.

Adolescent Eating Disorders Essay -- Health Weight Obesity Anorexia Es

Adolescent Eating Disorders With children as early as age 7 showing dissatisfaction with their body, and as young as 9 starting dieting, eating disorders are a serious issue in our society. Taking a look at perceptions, behaviors, and medical issues associated with the disorders of anorexia and bulimia, scholars have tried to categorize and find answers to the problems which certain adolescents suffer. In this paper I focused on the two major eating disorders of anorexia and bulimia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1978, Brunch called anorexia nervosa a 'new disease' and noted that the condition seemed to overtake ?the daughters of the well-to-do, educated and successful families.? Today it is acknowledged and accepted that anorexia affects more than just one gender or socio-economic class; however, much of the current research is focused on the female gender. ?Anorexia nervosa is characterized by extreme dieting, intense fear of gaining weight, and obsessive exercising. The weight loss eventually produces a variety of physical symptoms associated with starvation: sleep disturbance, cessation of menstruation, insensitivity to pain, loss of hair on the head, low blood pressure, a variety of cardiovascular problems and reduced body temperature. Between 10% and 15% of anorexics literally starve themselves to death; others die because of some type of cardiovascular dysfunction (Bee and Boyd, 2001).?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bulimia nervosa is a slightly less serious version of anorexia, but can lead to some of the same horrible results. Bulimia involves an intense concern about weight (which is generally inaccurate) combined with frequent cycles of binge eating followed by purging, through self-induced vomiting, unwarranted use of laxatives, or excessive exercising. Most bulimics are of normal body weight, but they are preoccupied with their weight, feel extreme shame about their abnormal behavior, and often experience significant depression. The occurrence of bulimia has increased in many Western countries over the past few decades. Numbers are difficult to establish due to the shame of reporting incidences to health care providers (Bee and Boyd, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many scholars have employed a variety of research methodology to try and answer the questions of: Why do some adolescents resort to extreme measures to resolve their problems? What can be done to improve the current state of the situ... ... changes of puberty, which may be interpreted as ?getting fat.? Encourage an active lifestyle. This needn?t involve organized athletics necessarily, but rather any movement ? walking, dancing, biking ? that is pleasurable enough to do everyday. References Bee, H. and Boyd, D. (2001). Physical and cognitive development in adolescence. Lifespan Development. 3ed., 292-293. Brunch, H. (1978). The Golden Cage. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Elkins, W. L., Cohen, D. A., Koralewicz, L. M. and Taylor, S. N. (2004). After school activities, overweight, and obesity amoung inner city youth. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 181-189. Fouts, G. and Vaughan, K. (2002). Locus of control, television viewing, and eating disorder symptomatology in young females. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 307-311. Gross, S. and Cinelli, B. (2004). Coordinated school health program and Dietetics professionals: Partners in promoting healthful eating. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 793-798. Muise, A. M., Stein, D. G., and Arbess, G. (2003). Eating disorders in adolescent boys: A review of the adolescent and young adult literature. Journal of adolescent Health, 33, 427-435.

Penn Foster English Essay

I. Introduction 1. Albert Einstein said, â€Å"Learning is not a product of schooling but the lifelong attempt to acquire it. † 2. Penn Foster is one route that helps motivated independent learners acquire the knowledge and certification they need. 3. Students' lives may change due to the decision to further their education. 4. I plan to use the following method balance work, family, and Penn Foster. II. Step 1: Figure Out What Really Matters in Life 1. Spending introspective time thinking about my life is the first step to achieving a balanced life. 2. I use an exercise for figuring out what matters most,† Laura Berman Fortgang (a personal coach) tells WebMD. She has her clients take a couple days off from work to contemplate the following series of questions: 1. If my life could focus on one thing and one thing only, what would that be? 2. If I could add a second thing, what would that be? † and so on. (WebMD) 3. After the list is compiled, then the plan is to de partmentalize my life. 4. When I'm at home with the family, I will focus and concern myself with them. 5. However, when I'm working on Penn Foster, I will only be thinking about learning and completing assignments. . This will help me to spend quality time in the areas that are most important. III. Step 2: Figure Out â€Å"Musts† vs â€Å"Shoulds† 1. The next step will be to figure out the difference between â€Å"Musts† vs â€Å"Shoulds. † 2. â€Å"We always manage to find time for those things that we decide we must do and its the things we think we should do that get left by the way side. † (Caroline) 3. To do this, I need to take my list from Step 1 and decide which activities on the list must I do. 4. Then, I need to take activities that I would like to do and put them in the should category. 5. While I do this, I need to be careful not to put too many commitments into the must column. 6. The reason is to not overwhelm myself and over commit my time. 7. Some of my musts will be family, work, and Penn Foster. 8. Right now, everything else in my life I consider a â€Å"should† until school is finished. IV. Step 3: Take Daily â€Å"Time-Outs† 1. The last step to ensure that I can balance my life is to take daily â€Å"time-outs. † 2. â€Å"Take a nap, a walk, or a mini-meditation break with a few minutes of silence. Maintain daily rituals, such as teatime, meditation, prayer, exercise. †(Womensnet) 3. By doing this, I can adapt myself to my new hectic schedule. 4. I will be able to maintain my energy throughout the day. 5. Keeping daily â€Å"time-outs† will ensure that I keep my sanity and they will give me something to look forward to throughout the day. V. Conclusion 1. Maintaining a balance between work, life, and Penn Foster can be accomplished using these three steps. 2. The first step is to figure out what really matters in life. 3. Then, I will create a must and should list. 4. After that, I will ensure I take â€Å"time-outs† to give myself a routine to look forward to during my day. . By doing these three steps, I can balance it all. Works Cited â€Å"Easy Steps to Work-Life Balance | Grants For Women in Business | Loans and Credit for Women Business Owners | Grants For Small Business. † Grants For Women in Business | Loans and Credit for Women Business Owners | Grants For Small Business. 24 Mar. 2009 . discover, you may. â€Å"5 Tips for Better Wor k-Life Balance. † WebMD – Better information. Better health.. 24 Mar. 2009 . way, the, and I wouldn&. â€Å"How to Find the Right Work-Life Balance: 6 Steps | Caroline Middlebrook. † Caroline Middlebrook. 24 Mar. 2009 .

The Mcnaughten Rule

The M’Naghten Rule: 1843 Aspects of the Criminal law in Canada are likely to be traced back several hundred years ago, where the legal system was established in England. Criminal law, derived from public law, includes the subject of criminal defenses, and in a narrower sense, the theory of not being criminally responsible on account of a mental disorder. The theory behind this defense can be traced back to England in the 1840’s. This era showcased the influential case of Daniel M’Nagthen.Believed to be a paranoid schizophrenic, M’Naghten shot and killed Edward Drummond, Secretary to the British Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel. M’Naghten was under the delusion that he was being persecuted by Peel who was at the time a strong advocate of the police enforcement system. The case states that Daniel M’Naghten, had shot the Secretary, Edward Drummond, thinking he was Peel and was put on trial for the murder of Edward Drummond. As this stood, Mâ€⠄¢Naghten pleaded not guilty on the statement that he was mentally ill and having delusions, which had influenced his action to murder Drummond.The court system of England pronounced M’Naghten as not guilty by reason of insanity. The case gave way to the now titled M’Naghten rule claiming that an individual cannot be found guilty on the grounds that he or she is unable to tell the difference between right and wrong (Siegle, McCormick 2010). The M’Naghten rule has set a foundation of defining criminal responsibility and allowed for the introduction of mental disorders and psychological conditions as being able to influence whether or not an individual can be held criminally accountable.There was great public outcry on this verdict which forced the House of Lords to amend the standards for the defense of insanity and resulted in the rule that states: â€Å" every man is to be presumed sane, and that to establish a defense on the grounds of insanity, it must be cl early proved that, at the time of the committing of the act, the party accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing; or if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong (8 Eng. Rep. 718 (1843))†.Criticism for the M’Naghten rule arose because it tended to rely entirely on the defendant’s cognitive ability to â€Å"know† right from wrong. Subsequently, there are also questions about what to do with defendants who can differentiate the wrongfulness they committed but can’t control the impulses to commit them. Combined, these factors either emotional or cognitive can make it difficult for defendants to be found not guilty by reason of insanity. Despite the criticisms, the M’Naghten Rule is still widely applied today in both the Canadian and United States legal system.Evolving a greater understanding of applying the â€Å"insanity defense † leads the way to other methods and theories for understanding and defining mental insanity. Looking into the Biological Trait Theory asks the question as to whether or not individuals can be â€Å"born criminal† (Garofalo, 178). It is known that mental disorders are almost, always genetically based, however diagnosing someone, as having a mental disorder, does not define them as a criminal. This is where behaviour and personality characteristics come into play, indicating a criminal nature.Many biological factors, such as body weight and height are incorporated into creating a stereotype of a criminal, a method called somatyping. It is important to take into account the lifestyle of the accused. Many factors such as the home structure, daily routine, nature and nurturing, education, friends, interest all play an impactful role in either noticing an onset of a mental disorder to noticing the beginning of criminal behavior. Some of these characteristics can come into pl ay as well in the Psychological Trait Theory, focusing on the mental aspect of crime.From a psychodynamic perspective, there are two classifications to describe mental disorder, in individuals who struggle with mental anguish and loss of control of their personality. This can manifest in an individual who experiences neurosis or psychosis. Neurosis is described as being on the borderline between reality and the sense of losing control of your personality, and psychosis is the loss of total control leaving them detached from reality. Psychotic behavior is often marked by bizarre episodes of delusion or hallucinations. It can take on many forms, the most common being Schizophrenia.In a broad sense, the person is left with complete loss of thought control or appropriate emotional responses. They can become paranoid, delusional, hallucinate or withdraw completely from reality. As in the M’Naghten case of 1843, Daniel M’Naghten was thought to be a paranoid schizophrenic, wh ich caused or provoked his violent reaction toward Edward Drummond. Due to the many theories and perspectives about the rooting and origins of mental disorders, it is no wonder why there is such a high correlation between crime and mental illness.Many characteristics of mental illness are also very similar to those categorized as being criminal in nature. The authors of â€Å"Clinical predictions of Self-Mutilation in hospitalized patients† stated that mentally ill individuals are more likely to withdraw or harm themselves than to act aggressively towards others (1994), which begins to ask the question if mentally ill individuals are more criminal than those who are not mentally ill. And, do you have to be mentally ill to commit a crime.This is why criminal cases involving mental illness are hard to defend or hard to prosecute. There does not seem to be a simple direct way to interpret the complete science of these theories. In conclusion, criminal behavior as it relates to u nderstanding the relationship to mental illness is an evolving behavioral science. Nearly 170 years after the M’Naghten Rule was established the legal system in North America is still struggling to find the balance at defining mental insanity.There is significant research to establish that people can be born into crime based on their genetics or the environment and that psychotic behavior can lead to irrational thoughts and feelings that provoke people to do terrible things. The question still exists as to whether individuals from any of these perspectives actually understand if they had intent to commit a crime or understand completely that what they did was wrong.

Corporations and Communities Learning How to Be Responsible

Corporations and Communities Learning How to Be Responsible The on-going debate on the place of corporations The Canadian documentary The Corporation (Achbar Abbott 2003) dwells upon the role corporations have played in the society. Corporations are now associated with evil, illegal entities that focus on gaining profit at the expense of the community. People claim that corporations ceased the power long time ago and people can do nothing to resist.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Corporations and Communities: Learning How to Be Responsible specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is important to remember that corporations were initially â€Å"a gift of people to serve the public good† as people gathered to fulfil certain tasks and their activities were strictly regulated (Achbar Abbott 2003). The corporations are not a product of evil businessmen of the beginning of the twentieth century. These entities (as they are now) are a result of regulatory deficiencies a t a number of levels, i.e. corporate, national and international levels. The present paper is aimed at identifying the major regulatory deficiencies and revealing possible ways to diminish negative influence of corporations. Major issues associated with corporations To understand the reasons for the impact corporations have, it is necessary to briefly trace the development of these entities. Industrialisation is seen as the major factor that made the appearance of corporations possible (Bowman 2010). Researchers also note that the development of the military industry was another potent factor that contributed to the development of corporations (Achbar Abbott 2003). Mastrogiovanni (2009) notes that military conflicts have always brought huge sums of money to those involved in the military industry.  However, the major turning point in the development of corporations as they are now was the enactment of the 14th Amendment. Researchers stress that the notion that corporations should be regarded as legal persons enabled these entities to operate with less restrictions (Achbar Abbott 2003). The corporation was a legal person that was able to buy and sell property. Therefore, corporations have gained more power since the 1930s. Importantly, the concept of the corporation has spread worldwide as the American economic model was transferred to European (as well as South American and Asian) countries after the World War II. Drucker (2009) claims that the development of corporations worldwide was inescapable as the collaboration between the countries was increasing. The development of corporations is also associated with a variety of positive and negative externalities. These economic, political, social and environmental externalities have had predominantly negative effect on the development of communities and the image of corporations (Simpson 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Corporations gained more power and violated more and more regulations. What is more, new regulations (which were favourable for corporations) have been introduced. These violations and new unfair regulations can be explained by regulatory deficiencies at the corporate, national and international levels. Results of regulatory deficiencies at different levels The corporate level In the first place, it is necessary to consider regulatory deficiencies at the corporate level. The core goal of any corporation is gaining profit. It is noted that there is nothing bad in that as this is the basis of a capitalist society (Achbar Abbott 2003). Therefore, corporations tend to focus on gaining profit rather than on being responsible in many respects. The business world has always been highly competitive and contemporary corporations have to face lots of constraints. To remain competitive, corporations often try to reduce their expenses, and this often leads to violation of certain norms (Kurucz, Colbert Wheeler 2008). Thus, corporations can reduce perks (or even wages) of employees, violate environmental regulations, etc. The national level However, corporate irresponsibility cannot be regarded as the major factor contributing to the spread of corporations and their empowerment. Admittedly, corporations violate regulations and they are corrupt. However, it is much more serious that corporations are barely ever punished. Governments of the USA and all European countries let corporations violate the rules. For instance, the famous case of Cochabamba is an example of the symbiotic co-existence of a corporation and a government. Thus, SEMAPA, the organisation providing municipal water and sewage services, was privatised and soon sold to a corporation (Snchez Gà ³mez Terhorst 2005). Olivera (2004) notes that the tender procedure was obscure and held with a variety of violations. In this case, the government was corrupt and let a corporatio n take control over a community’s organisation. More so, the example of the Bolivian case also transcends on the international level which appears to be the major factor contributing to the negative influence of corporations. The international level SEMAPA was sold under the pressure as the World Bank had an impact on the Bolivian government. Notably, the organisation was sold to an American corporation. Therefore, that was not a case of a single country as it involved several states and an international organisation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Corporations and Communities: Learning How to Be Responsible specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Obviously, international bodies have a great impact on governments. This single case can justify the argument that regulatory deficiencies at the international level have led to the development of corporations which are irresponsible in social, political, environmental, e thical and moral respects. The most effective level in addressing the issues At the same time, the great influence international bodies have now makes the international level the most effective in addressing the issues related to the negative impact of corporations’ irresponsible activities. Cordato (2007) argues that international regulations have been effective tools in many cases. The contemporary globalised world is, to a certain extent, governed by international bodies. Therefore, these organisations are capable of diminishing negative effects of corporations’ activities. The history of corporations’ development shows that they used to be strictly governed. It is time to reintroduce such a practice. Notably, some may state that the Cochabamba model can be successful in addressing the issues associated with corporations’ activities. It is necessary to note that the famous People’s Agreement of Cochabamba reflects major issues and outlines most important concept (People’s agreement 2010). For instance, people of Cochabamba address the rest of the world and ask for responsibility and creation of responsible regulatory bodies. However, the situation in the region proves that a set of concepts is not enough as the government is still corrupt and ineffective. People are still suffering from the lack of resources. Therefore, the manifestation should be brought to the fore and become the basis for the new legitimate document. The existing international bodies should start paying more attention to the activities of corporations. It is crucial to work out regulations which would make the corporations a union of people working for the community. Conclusion To sum up, it is possible to note that industrialisation was the major factor that contributed to the development of corporations. These entities have acquired considerable power and have often violated various regulations on the global scale. However, globalisation has br ought a solution. International bodies have the necessary tools to diminish the corporations’ negative influence by introducing strict regulations and taking control over the corporations’ compliance to the new rules.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference list Achbar, M Abbott, J 2003, The corporation, Big Picture Media Corporation, Vancouver, Canada. Bowman, S 2010, Modern corporation and American political thought: law power, and ideology, Penn State Press, University Park, PA. Cordato, R 2007, Efficiency and externalities in an open-ended universe: a modern Austrian perspective, The Ludwig von Mises Institute, Auburn, AL. Drucker, P 2009, Concept of the corporation, Transaction Publishers, Piscataway, NJ. Kurucz, EC, Colbert, BA Wheeler, D 2008, The business case for corporate social responsibility, in A Crane, A McWilliams, D Matten, J Moon D Seigel (eds), The Osford handbook on corporate social responsibility, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 83-112. Mastrogiovanni, M 2009, The business of war: understanding the military-industrial complex and how it’s still used today, ESSAI, vol. 7. no. 33, pp. 106-108. Olivera, O 2004, Cochabamba!: water war in Bolivia, South End Press, Cambridge, MA.  People’ s agreement of Cochabamba 2010. Web. Snchez Gà ³mez, L Terhorst, P 2005, Cochabamba, Bolivia: public-collective partnership after the Water War, in B Balany et al. (eds), Reclaiming public water-achievements, struggles, and visions from around the world, Transnational Institute and Corporate Observatory Europe, Porto Alegre, Brazil, pp. 121-130. Simpson, BP 2007, An economic, political, and philosophical analysis of externalities, Reason Papers, vol. 29. no. 1, pp. 123-140.

AP English Literature - Learn What Score You Need

AP English Literature - Learn What Score You Need AP English Literature and Composition is one of the more popular Advanced Placement subjects. Nevertheless,  roughly 175,000 more students took the AP English Language course and exam in 2018. The literature course is primarily focused on college-level literary analysis, and students who do well on the AP English Literature exam will often earn college credit for composition or literature. About the AP English Literature Course and Exam The AP English Literature course covers important literary works from a range of genres, periods and cultures. Students learn close-reading and analytical skills, and they learn to identify a literary works structure, style, tone, and use of literary conventions such as imagery and figurative language.   Students in AP Literature work at becoming active readers; in other words, they learn to become thoughtful and critical readers who can analyze and appreciate the various writing strategies employed by a wide range of authors.   The course has no required reading list, and individual AP instructors are free to choose any literary works that invite a rewarding reading experience. Genres will include poetry, drama, fiction, and expository prose. Most texts will have been originally written in English and may have originated in the United States, Canada, England, Africa, India, and elsewhere. A few works- such as a Russian classic or Greek tragedy- might be read in translation. The focus of the course, however, is much more on reading and writing skills, not specific authors. On the writing front, students learn to write effective analytical essays that employ a wide-ranging and appropriate vocabulary, effective and varied sentence structures, logical organization, strategic use of both generalization and specific detail, and careful attention to rhetorical forms, voice, and tone. AP English Literature Score Information Many colleges and universities have a composition and/or literature requirement, so a high score on the AP English Literature exam will often fulfill one of these requirements. The AP English Literature and Composition test has a one-hour multiple-choice section and a two-hour free-response writing section. The score on the is based on a combination of the multiple choice section (45 percent  of score) and the free-response essay section (55 percent of score).   In 2018, 404,014 students took the exam and earned a mean score of 2.57. Close to half of those students (47.3 percent) received a score of 3 or higher indicating that they have enough mastery of the subject matter to potentially earn college credit or course placement. The distribution of scores for the AP English Literature exam is as follows: AP English Literature Score Percentiles (2018 Data) Score Number of Students Percentage of Students 5 22,826 5.6 4 58,765 14.5 3 109,700 27.2 2 145,307 36.0 1 67,416 16.7 The College Board has released preliminary score percentages for the 2019 exam. Keep in mind that these numbers may change slightly as late exams are added to the calculations. Preliminary 2019 AP English Literature Score Data Score Percentage of Students 5 6.2 4 15.9 3 28 2 34.3 1 15.6 College Credit and Course Placement for AP English Literature The table below provides some representative data from a variety of colleges and universities. This information is meant to provide a general overview of the scoring and placement information related to the AP English Literature exam. For schools not listed below, youll need to look on the colleges website or contact the appropriate Registrars office to get AP placement information. AP English Literature Scores and Placement College Score Needed Placement Credit Hamilton College 4 or 5 Placement into some 200-level courses; 2 credits for score of 5 and B- or higher in a 200-level course Grinnell College 5 ENG 120 LSU 3, 4 or 5 ENGL 1001 (3 credits) for a 3; ENGL 1001 and 2025 or 2027 or 2029 or 2123 (6 credits) for a 4; ENGL 1001, 2025 or 2027 or 2029 or 2123, and 2000 (9 credits) for a 5 Mississippi State University 3, 4 or 5 EN 1103 (3 credits) for a 3; EN 1103 and 1113 (6 credits) for a 4 or 5 Notre Dame 4 or 5 First Year Composition 13100 (3 credits) Reed College 4 or 5 1 credit; no placement Stanford University - No credit for AP English Literature Truman State University 3, 4 or 5 ENG 111 Introduction to the Short Story (3 credits) UCLA (School of Letters and Science) 3, 4 or 5 8 credits and entry writing requirement for a 3; 8 credits, entry writing requirement and English Comp Writing I requirement for a 4 or 5 Yale University 5 2 credits; ENGL 114a or b, 115a or b, 116b, 117b A Final Word on AP English Literature Keep in mind that another benefit to the successful completion of an AP Literature course is that it helps demonstrate your college readiness in a core subject area. Most of the countrys highly selective colleges and universities have  holistic admissions, and the admissions officers look not just at your GPA, but  how challenging your course work is. Colleges would much rather see you successfully complete a challenging college preparatory class in English than an easy English elective. AP Literature shows that you are taking the most advanced course possible in literature. So even at a school like Stanford that does not award any credit or placement for AP English Literature, your decision to take the class still strengthens your application. To learn more specific information about the AP English Literature exam, be sure to visit the  official College Board website.

Juvenile Interrogation - Admissibility of a Juvenile Confession Essay

Juvenile Interrogation - Admissibility of a Juvenile Confession - Essay Example Hence, prompt the police investigators holding this false confession as an absolute truth and valid meant for presentation in the court. However, the court has set guidelines, which all the involved parties during juvenile’s interrogation ought to observe. Similar to other offenders, juvenile once they break the law ought to undergo the same procedure but treated differently while in custody. This is especially during the interrogation where there ought to be an attorney or a parent (Sherman, 2011). Since, this is the vital process whereby due to the child’s age and state of mind, certain parties may end up doubting the information’s validity presented in court as an evidence or confession. Therefore, the court cites that the only admissible confession is from a juvenile who is above 14 years and not below that age (Maynard & Sumner, LLC, 2012). Since the court presumes one at that age he or she can make informed decisions while aided by either an attorney or a parent. This is to ensure the police investigators do not result by other means meant to compel the child against his or her wish into confessing (Sherman, 2011). However, the wish to have either a parent or an adult assistance always depends on the child whereby t he involved parties ought to respect the offender’s waiver rights (Sherman, 2011). If this is the case, then confessions via the appropriate procedure are admissible in court. Nevertheless, police investigators ought to attest beyond doubt that the confession was made in the absence of coercion, which is via using visual aids like videos (Sherman, 2011). In addition, despite the police investigators employing the right procedure meant to attain the child’s confession, still, face numerous challenges. For instance, the child may end up giving false confessions (Leo & Liu, n.d). This is due to either the parent or an attorney’s insistence advising the juvenile to tell the â€Å"truth† whereby their inclination is on one side, which is admitting the offence.  

How Formative Assessment Supports Pupils' Learning Essay

How Formative Assessment Supports Pupils' Learning - Essay Example According to the Collins English Dictionary (2003), formative assessment is the â€Å"ongoing assessment of a pupil’s educational development within a particular subject area. Sadler (1999) defines it as the kind of assessment whose intention is to generate feedback so as to improve and enhance students’ learning. This kind of assessment helps development of knowledge, skills and abilities and also enhances understanding without necessarily having to pass any final testing (Black and Wiliam 2003). Formative assessments are learner centered, which means that their goal is to help the student make maximum progress in the learning process. The assessments are appropriate for primary school children as they embrace the educational objective domains of Blooms taxonomy: psychomotor, affective and cognitive. The cognitive domain that is enhanced by formative assessments revolves around the comprehension, knowledge and ability to critically think about a subject. The psychomot or domain is all about the ability of the pupil to physically manipulate instruments in the learning process. The affective domain on the other hand relate to how learners are likely to react emotionally (Sadler 1998). Formative assessments incorporate all three Bloom’s Taxonomy domains in that they allow the pupil to develop not only recall skills, but also critical analysis skills in the learning process. There are two types of formative assessments according to Hall and Burke (2004). These are: planned formative assessments and interactive assessments. As the name suggests, planned formative assessments are those that are use to obtain tangible evidence on the way pupils think about a concept that they have been taught in class. These types of assessments are normally semi-formal and may be taken at the beginning or at the end of a certain topic. In these assessments, some assessment activities are prepared to furnish evidence that can be used to improve pupils’ lea rning. The information that is elicited from such an activity is used to gauge the level of understanding of the students and to structure instruction so that knowledge and skill development are enhanced (Tuttle 2009). Interactive assessment takes place during the interaction process between teacher and pupil. Hall and Burke (2004) describe this assessment as the one that includes incidental and ongoing assessments which arise from learning activities and it cannot be anticipated. This means that interactive assessments can occur at any time as the teacher and pupils are interacting in a learning setting (Black, Harrison and William 2003). This assessment aims at improving learning through mediation and intervention. The teacher may notice or recognize the learner’s thinking and can then respond to it appropriately. This kind of assessments is considered to be more pupil and teacher driven than it is curriculum driven. Unlike planned assessment that results in permanent infor mation, interactive assessment accrues information that is ephemeral (Sadler 1998). This means that the teacher can identify weak areas in the child’s learning and correct them quickly so as to avoid accumulated misconception on the learner’s side. Formative assessments can be in the form of observations, worksheets, pop quizzes, journals and diagnostic tests. Observation involves the instructor making observations about students’

How do Senor Flores, Senora Flores and Dr. Jean View this Situation Essay

How do Senor Flores, Senora Flores and Dr. Jean View this Situation from Totally Different Perspectives - Essay Example He also does not want to listen to the advice of Dr. Jean. The Latino’s belief in machismo makes Senor Flores feel offended if he listens to Dr. Jean’s advice. He thinks that his male ego is insulted. The perspective of Senora Flores on Alejandro’s situation is very fatalistic, or what the Latino’s term as fatalism. She feels that she is being punished by God that is why Alejandro is sick. She is suffering from inferiority complex and feels that she is being discriminated at the hospital for being a Latino and not speaking much. She is afraid that Alejandro will be discriminated too in school because he is sickly. Senora Flores feels overburdened by the responsibility of taking care of Alejandro. But at the same time, she believes that her mother should help her take care of Alejandro. She respects her mother, so much so that when she suggested that Alejandro is taken to an espiritista, she blindly followed her although she probably disagrees with her. Dr. Jean’s perspective of Alejandro’s situation is exactly the opposite of the views of the Flores family. She does not totally understand the Latino culture and beliefs; thus, resulting in misunderstandings with them. The first conflict is with regards to time. She dislikes the Flores’ disregard of time. She also feels that just because she is a woman, Senor Flores does not like to listen to her advice. She does not understand why the Flores’ had to consult an espiritista instead of just following her medical advice and give him his medicines. Dr. Jean is an example of a doctor who is quite detached to the family of her patient. She does not realize that it is important for a Latino family that they see some simpatia from their medical provider. Senora Flores chose to consult an espiritista when Alejandro was not getting better probably through the prodding of her mother.

Environmental Impact Of Leather Tanning Industry

Environmental Impact Of Leather Tanning Industry The global environment is gradually worsening as a result of the socio-economic activities of mankind. Leather tanning industry plays significant role in economy of a country through employment and export earnings; but resulting pollution from tanning process causing severe environmental degradation. Tanning is the process by which hides or skins are converted into leather. After removal of flesh and fur from the hide it is treated with chemicals which cross linked the microscopic collagen fibers to form a stable and durable leather product. A schematic diagram of tanning is presented and this indicates the type of waste stream generated from tanning process (Fig.1.1) (Harrison, 2001). Leather processing comprises of series of operations that can be classified as pre-tanning, in which hides or skins are cleaned; tanning process, which permanently stabilizes the hides and post-tanning or finishing operations, where final shape value is added for manufacturing of leather (Ramasami, Rao, Chandrababu, Parthasarathi, Rao, Gayathri and Sreeram, 1999). Production of leather from tanning of hides and skins has been an important activity since ancient times. For processing a ton of hide approximately 30-40 cubic meter (m3) of water is used (Suthanthararajan, Ravindranath, Chitra, Umamaheswari, Ramesh and Rajamani 2004). Currently, about 6.5 millions tons of wet salted hides and skins are processed worldwide annually. About 3.5 millions of various chemicals are used for leather processing. A considerable part of this amount is discharged into the effluent (Ludvik, 1996). Tanning of hides and skins by the usual tanning process is wholly a wet process from which a large volume of liquid waste is almost continuously discharged throughout the working hours of an industry. Usually soak waste, liming wastes and spent vegetable tan liquors are discharged intermittently (Song, Williams and Edyvean, 2000). It is approximated that 30-40 x 1010 liters of effluent is generated by worldwide annual processing of 9 x 109 kg hides and skins (Thanikaivelan, Jonnalagadda, Balachetran and Ramasami, 2004). Leather industry consumes a large amount of water so the availability of good quality water and the treatment of large amount of effluent are the two major issues. The tannery wastewater is a mixture of bio matter of hides and a large variety of organic and inorganic chemicals. Tanneries leave the wastewater usually contain organic and inorganic matter with high level of salinity, ammonia and organic nitrogenous pollutants and other toxic pollutants including sulphide and residues of chromium metal salt) (Ros and Gantar, 1998). Tannery effluents are characterized as highly colored, foul smelling with acidic and alkaline liquor (World Bank, 1998). Poor processing practices and use of unrefined conventional leather processing further aggravate the pollution problem. In tannery effluents presence of chromium and hydrogen sulfide formed due to sulfide are highly toxic to many living beings. Indiscriminate discharge of effluents into water bodies or open land causing contamination of surface and ground water in addition to degradation of flora and fauna of soil have direct impacts on agricultural land (Khawaja, Rasool, Fiaz and Irshad, 1995; Ramasami, Sreeram and Gayatri, 1997). The leather tanning industry significantly contributes to economy of a country. The major leather production centers in the world are found in Mexico, Brazil, Japan, South Korea, China, India and Pakistan. Leather tanneries generate three type of waste including wastewater, solid waste and air emissions. So far, wastewater is considered as the most important environmental challenge faced by Pakistans tanneries (Iqbal, 1998). In Pakistan, tanneries are established both in formal and informal sector presently over 596 tanneries are established in the formal sector and equally large number of tanneries exists in the informal sector (ETPI, 2001). Increasing number of tanneries in Pakistan is to be considered as the major cause of environmental degradation because untreated effluents from tanneries are released into environment. Kasur district has more than 350 tanning and it has become the mean livelihood of most of residents. The present study focuses on identification environmental problems related to tanneries wastewater in Kasur through participatory action and involve local communities for self managed collective actions for application of locally available and cost effective wastewater treatment technologies within their industry premises. In this process participants learn wastewater treatment technologies through social learning process which is based on the principle of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“learning by doingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Participatory research allows researchers to gain a better understanding of problem. Participatory GIS approach is used for the purpose of involving community and development of GIS database. Participatory GIS is a spatial decision making tool designed to utilize GIS technology with participatory approach in the perspective of needs and capabilities of communities that are involved through and affected by development projects. Novel community mapping and modeling methods linked to GIS for implementing community-based planning, have been studied and developed since the 1990s (Dunn, Atkins and Townsend, 1997; Abbott, Chambers, Dunn, Harris, DeMerode, Porter, Townsend and Weiner,1998; Sieber, 2006) and began to spread into China through international development projects (Cai, Zhu and Dai, 2001; McConchie and McKinnon, 2002; Wang, 2003). Participatory GIS technique encourages community participation and involves community in the production of GIS (Cinderby, 1999). Participatory GIS generally resulted from the combination of participatory methods i.e. Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) with geo-spatial technologies (Rambaldi, Kyem, Mbile, McCall and Weiner, 2005). Within this broad range of approaches different techniques have been employed in specific locations and projects to investigate specific issues or encourage participation from particular groups or stakeholders. It has been a commonality of many participatory GIS that the process of participation (including the collection and collation of information) has often been emphasized in the process more than the technical utilization of GIS which requires access to specific expertise (McCall, 2004). Geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based system for capturing, storing, manipulating, analyzing, and displayi ng geographic data for solving spatial complex resource planning and management problems (Densham, 1991). In GIS framework data is categorized into spatial data and attribute data. The data is stored in current GIS within two separate databases one for spatial data and one for attribute data. In most GIS representation of spatial data is in vector (points, lines, and polygons) and raster (pixels or grids) forms (Burrough, 1986). These conventional vector and raster representation of geographic features in GIS focus on database management including query and spatial analysis (Rhind, 1990). In the development of a GIS database, different features are processed and stored in separate data layers representing geographic themes. All data layers in the same GIS database are required to be geocoded to a standard coordinate system such as State Plane coordinate system. Therefore, a GIS database can be conceptualized as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sandwichedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  data layers containing different types of geographic features, registered to a common base map. GIS store, manage, and analyze geographically referenced data and devices that measure geographic location such as Global Positioning System (GPS) provides data on location in terms of latitude, longitude and altitude required for the GIS (Deichmann and Wood, 2001). Participatory action research combines aspects of popular education, community based research, and social action. Participatory action research is collaborative processes in which researchers work with community to identify an area of concern and community take part to generate knowledge about the issue, formulate plan and carry out actions meant to address the issue in substantial way (Brydon, 2001). Participatory research approach empowers community members to collaborate with researchers to better understand their own problems and to find effective and viable solutions. Participants in the research process can identify a problem, collect and analyze relevant information, and act upon it in order to develop solutions and to promote social and/or political transformation (Selener, 1997). Participatory research represents a distinct set of practices or approaches to generate knowledge, including a variety of quantitative and qualitative research methods (e.g., participant observation, personal interviews, focus groups, and participatory needs assessment surveys). Treatment of tannery effluents has been searched for physical, chemical and biological methods. The biological treatment, especially the use of microorganisms to improve polluted water quality is effective and widespread due to environmentally and economically as compared to chemical treatment. Effective Microorganisms or EM Technology is selected for the treatment of tannery wastewater. The concept of EM Technology was developed by Professor Teruo Higa, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. EM consists of beneficial naturally occurring microorganisms that have a reviving action on humans, animals, and the natural environment. EM is a mixed culture of selected species of microorganisms including predominantly lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, photosynthetic bacteria, actinomycetes and other types of organisms which are mutually compatible and can coexist in liquid culture (Higa, 1991; Higa and Wididana, 1991). The ultimate goal of this research is to break psychological, social, technical and economic barriers in technology adoption by tanneries owners and workers. So that tanneries owners and workers are enabled for self organized collective wastewater management within their working environment. Through this process community participation is anticipated in all stages of action research including problem identification, data collection, participatory GIS and application of wastewater treatment technology. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The objectives of my study are as follows: Preparation of GIS database of small tanneries through participation of stakeholders in Kasur. Demarcation of small tanneries and wastewater channels discharging from tanneries through participatory GIS mapping. Identification and selection of locally available and effective wastewater treatment technologies. Laboratory experimentation to check the efficacy of selected wastewater treatment technology. Develop simplified methods to increase social acceptance of waste minimization techniques through community participation.